Background: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists may cause chemical castration in males by suppressing the pituitary-gonadal axis, hence reducing testosterone level. There are limited data on the effects of degarelix, a newer series of potent and long acting GnRH antagonist on Bone. Objectives: The current study aimed at determining the effects of degarelix on Bone turnover, Bone densitometry, and Bone mechanical strength in male rats. Methods: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham (SHAM), orchidectomized (ORX), and degarelixinduced (DGX) groups. Chemical castration was performed by subcutaneous degarelix injection (2 mg/kg) at the scapular region. The rats were scanned for baseline Bone mineral area (BMA), Bone mineral content (BMC), and Bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Following six weeks of experimental period, BMA, BMC, and BMD were measured again with DXA and blood was collected for testosterone and Bone biomarkers (osteocalcin and C-terminal of type I collagen crosslink (CTX-1)) measurements. The rats were euthanized and femora were dissected for Bone biomechanical strength analysis. Results: Bilateral orchidectomyanddegarelix administration significantly loweredserumtestosterone level, decreased wholebody BMC, femoral BMA, femoral BMC, and femoralBMD(P< 0. 05) compared with theSHAMgroup. However, nosignificant changes were observed in Bone biochemical markers and Bone mechanical strength in all experimental groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, degarelix administration had comparable effects on Bone as bilateral orchidectomy. Administration of degarelix provides an alternative method of inducing testosterone deficient-osteopenia in male rats without need for removing the testes.

Pasteurization is a relatively easy and effective technique for limb salvage surgery in malignant tumors reconstructed by reusing tissue that has already been infiltrated by the tumor. The pasteurization process affects both tumor cell apoptosis and normal Bone cell viability. The study aims to determine the optimal temperature and duration for pasteurization to effectively eliminate tumor cells while preserving the viability and integrity of normal Bone. Laboratory experimental studies were conducted to evaluate cell viability, Bone porosity, and biomechanical strength of post-pasteurized goat diaphyseal cortical Bone. Cortical Bones were divided into seven groups with different temperatures and durations. Variations in temperature (60 °C and 70 °C) and pasteurization durations (20, 30, and 40 minutes) were studied. Control groups were used for comparison. A significant difference was found in cell viability and porosity. The highest number of osteocytes was in the control group (80.4%). The osteocytes of the treatment group were the highest at 60 °C and 20 minutes (±77.29%). The lowest was in the group with a temperature of 70 °C and 40 minutes (64.66%). Higher porosity was found in those treated with higher temperatures and longer pasteurization. The biomechanical bending test showed that the force needed to break the Bone sample was the lowest at 70°C for 40 minutes. However, the ANOVA statistical test showed no significant difference in all groups (p>0.05). Pasteurization can be used to maximize the eradication of tumor cells yet preserve the normal Bone cell and biomechanical strength of the recycled Bone autograft.

Objective- To evaluate greater omentum as an autogenous free graft in enhancing Bone healing.Design- Prospective descriptive trial.Animals- Ten mongrel adult dogs, 3 to 4 years old and weighing 25.2 to 31 kg, assigned into two equal experimental and control groups (5dogs/group), were used.Procedures- Mid-shaft osteotomy on right radius was followed by a partial omentectomy in all dogs. A 30x30 mm2 piece of greater omentum was prepared as a free graft. Then, it was positioned over the osteotomy site in the experimental dogs. After 8 weeks, the dogs were euthanized and both operated and intact radii were harvested in each dog and subjected to a three-point bending test.Results- The values of biomechanical parameters in operated Bones of both groups were lower than those in intact Bones. The percent of reduction in biomechanical values of the operated Bones in experimental group was significantly less than control group Conclusions and Clinical Relevance- The results of this study suggested that autogenous greater omentum as a free graft could enhance the biomechanical aspects of Bone healing in dogs. Application of autogenous greater omentum as a free graft might advantageously promote fracture healing process in the dogs at risk of developing delayed or nonunion fractures.

Introduction: Some studies conducted so far suggest that exercising during adolescence and young age can increase the amount and density of Bone minerals to be stored for the age of senility. However, it has not been confirmed yet what type and intensity of Bone minerals may provide for a maximum rate of the anabolic stimulation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the amount and density of the Bone minerals in male soccer and handball professional athletes with those of male non-athletes’.Materials and Methods: This is a an experimental research study on 42 males ranging 20-30 years old who were divided into three groups consisting of: 14 professional soccer athletes (Experimental Group 1) ,14 professional handball athletes (Experimental Group 2) and 14 young male non-athletes (Control Group). The athletes had the experience of at least three continuous years of regular professional exercising (3 sessions a week) and participating in national championships. These participants were selected from Mashhad athletic clubs, while the non-athletes were experiencing their first session of exercising in the club. Using DEXA, the participants’ BMD of arm femur and Bone mass was measured. Then, the collected data were investigated at the significance level of 5 percent, using descriptive statistics and unilateral variance analysis as well as LSD pursuit test.Results: The obtained results from this research indicate that there was not any significant difference among the three groups of the study in terms of BMD of the arms. Also, in terms of femur and Bone mass, there was no significant difference between two groups of athletes, i.e. soccer players and handball players (P=0.465). However, the findings suggest a significant difference between the control group and soccer player group (P=0.001) and also between the control and handball player group (P=0.004).Conclusion: As a result, the findings of this study conform to the theory which states that Bone response to the mechanical loading depends on the type and style of athletic activities.